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1957 , 1962
1967 ,
1978 , 1983
1985
1989 ,
1999 , 2004
2009 , 2014
2019 , 2024 , - ! AR , , , 1978 , 1980
1984 ,
1999 , 2004
2009 , 2014
2019 , 2024 , - ! AS , 1952
1957 , 1962
1967 ,
1978 , 1983
1985 , 1991
1996 , 2001
2016 ,
1957 , 1962
1967
1969 ,
1977 , 1980
1985 ,
2005 (Feb)
2005 (Oct) ,
2015 ,
2008 ,
2018 ,
1998 , 2003
2008 ,
2015 ,
1967 ,
1977 , 1980
1984
1989 ,
1999 , 2002
2007 ,
2017 ,
1967 ,
1975 , 1980
1985 ,
1998 , 2002
2007 ,
2017 ,
1968 ,
1977 , 1982
1987 , 1991
1996 ,
2005
2009 , 2014
2019 , 2024 , - ! HP , 1952
, 1967 ,
1977 , 1985
,
1993
1998 , 2003
2007 ,
2017 ,
1957 , 1962
1967 ,
1977 , 1983
1987 , 1996 , 2002
2008 , 2014 , - , - ! JH , colspan="5" , State didn't exist. Was part of Bihar. (Established in 2000) , 2005
2009 , 2014
2019 , , - ! KA , Mysore 1952
Mysore 1957 , Mysore 1962
Mysore 1967 , Mysore 1972
1978 , 1983
1985
1989 ,
1999 , 2004
2008 ,
2018 ,
1954 Thiru-Kochi
1957 , 1960
1967 ,
1977 , 1980
1982
1987 , 1991
1996 , 2001
2016 ,
MB 1952
MP 1952
VP 1952
1957 , 1967 ,
1977 , 1980
1985 ,
1993
1998 , 2003
2008 ,
2018 ,
1967 ,
1978 , 1980
1985 ,
1999 , 2004
2009 , 2014
2019 , 2024 , - ! MN , , 1967 ,
1974 , 1980
1984 ,
2002
2007 ,
2017 ,
1978 , 1983
1988 , 1993
1998 , 2003
2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, 2008 , 2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, 2013
2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Mizoram, MZ , , , 1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1972
1978 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1978
1979 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1979 , 1984 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1984
1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1987
1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1993
1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1998 , 2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2003
2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2008 , 2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2013
2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Nagaland, NL , , 1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1964
1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1974
1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1982
1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1987
1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1993
1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1998 , 2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2003
2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2008 , 2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2013
2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Odisha, OR , 1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1961
1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1967 , 1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1971
1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1974
1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1985 , 1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1990
1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1995 , 2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2000
2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2004
2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2009 , 2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2014
2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2019 , Next Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2024 , - !Elections in Punjab, India, PB , 1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1962
1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1967
1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1972
1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1985 , 1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1992
1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1997 , 2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2002
2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2007 , 2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2012
2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2017 , 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2022 , - !Elections in Puducherry, PY , , 1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1964
1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1974
1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1985 , 1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1990
1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1991
1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1996 , 2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 2001
2006 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election, 2006 , 2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election, 2011
2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election, 2016 , 2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election, 2021 , - !Elections in Rajasthan, RJ , 1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1962
1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1967 , 1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1972
1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1985 , 1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1990
1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1993
1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1998 , 2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2003 2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2008
2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2013 , 2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Sikkim, SK , , , 1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1979 , 1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1985
1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1994
1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1999 , 2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2004
2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2009 , 2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2014 2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2019 , Next Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2024 , - !Elections in Tamil Nadu, TN , 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election, MS 1952
1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election, MS 1957 , 1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election, MS 1962
1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election, MS 1967 , 1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1971
1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1984
1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1991
1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1996 , 2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2001
2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2006 , 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2011
2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2016 , 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2021 , - !Elections in Telangana, TG , 1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election, 1952 , colspan="5" , State didn't exist. Was part of AP. (Established in 2014) , 2014 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Tripura, TR , , 1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1967 , 1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1972 1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1983 1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1988 , 1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1993 1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1998 , 2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2003 2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2008 , 2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2013 2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Uttar Pradesh, UP , 1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1951
1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1962
1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1967
1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1974
1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1985
1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1991
1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1993
1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1996 , 2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2002
2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2007 , 2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2012
2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017 , 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2022 , - !Elections in Uttarakhand, UT , colspan="5" , State didn't exist. Was part of UP. (Established in 2000) , 2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2002
2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2007 , 2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2012
2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2017 , 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2022 , - !Elections in West Bengal, WB , 1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1962
1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1967
1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1971
1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1972
1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1982
1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1987 , 1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1991
1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1996 , 2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2001
2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2006 , 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2011
2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2016 , 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2021 By-election When an elected candidate to either the State Assembly or Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as Bypolls. Common reasons for by-elections : * Resignation by the sitting MP or MLA * Death of the sitting MP or MLA But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance in the office or due to election irregularities found later. Also, when a candidate has won more than one seat, they have to vacate one).
Research into indelible ink was commenced by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Goel worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the National Physical Laboratory of India. The ink used contains silver nitrate, which makes it photo-sensitive. It is stored in amber-colored plastic or brown-colored glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the fingernail for at least two days. It may last up to a month depending upon the person's body temperature and the environment.
BHAVIK (EVM) were first used in the 1997 election and became the only method of voting in 2004. The EVMs save time in reporting results. A voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) was introduced on 14 August 2014 in Nagaland. In the 2014 general election, VVPAT was operational in 8 constituencies (Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency), Lucknow, Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency), Gandhinagar, Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency), Bangalore South, Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency), Chennai Central, Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency), Jadavpur, Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency), Raipur, Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency), Patna Sahib and Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency), Mizoram) as a pilot project. A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.
Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations on the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019. On 9 April 2019, Supreme Court of India gave the judgement, ordering the Election Commission of India to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means Election Commission of India has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in 2019 General elections. VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the 2019 Indian general elections, 2019 general election, ECI declared that no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.
First Post, 2 April 2019.Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?
Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.
Election Commission of India
Adam Carr's election archive
Election Commission of India handbook for candidates
Elections India
{{India topics Elections in India,
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
has a parliamentary system
A parliamentary system, or parliamentarian democracy, is a system of democratic governance of a state (or subordinate entity) where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the support ("confidence") of the ...
as defined by its constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of Legal entity, entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
When ...
, with power distributed between the central government and the states.
The President of India
The president of India ( IAST: ) is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu ...
is the ceremonial head of state of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defence forces in India.
However, it is the Prime Minister of India
The prime minister of India (IAST: ) is the head of government of the Republic of India. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and their chosen Council of Ministers, despite the president of India being the nominal head of the ...
, who is the leader of the party
A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration or celebration of a special occasion. A party will often feature f ...
or political alliance having a majority in the national elections to the Lok Sabha
The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past ...
. The Prime Minister is the leader of the executive branch of the Government of India
The Government of India (ISO: ; often abbreviated as GoI), known as the Union Government or Central Government but often simply as the Centre, is the national government of the Republic of India, a federal democracy located in South Asia, c ...
. The Prime Minister is the chief adviser to the President of India
The president of India ( IAST: ) is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu ...
and the head of the Union Council of Ministers
The Union Council of Ministers Article 58 of the ''Constitution of India'' is the principal executive organ of the Government of India, which is responsible for being the senior decision making body of the executive branch. It is chaired by t ...
.
India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a Governor
A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...
who is the state's head, but the executive authority rests with the Chief Minister
A chief minister is an elected or appointed head of government of – in most instances – a sub-national entity, for instance an administrative subdivision or federal constituent entity. Examples include a state (and sometimes a union terri ...
who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by a person appointed by the President of India.
The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State, temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government has failed to create a peaceful environment and has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.Elections
Election Commission is the federal body of India which is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution, responsible for monitoring and administering all the electoral processes of India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias. Election ensures the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections are as per the statutory legislation. All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate.The first election Commissioner wasSukumar Sen Sukumar Sen may refer to:
*Sukumar Sen (civil servant)
Sukumar Sen (2 January 1898 – 13 May 1963) was an Indian civil servant who was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India, serving from 21 March 1950 to 19 December 1958. Under his le ...
Types of elections
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for: *President of India
The president of India ( IAST: ) is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu ...
,
*Vice President of India
The vice president of India (IAST: ) is the deputy to the head of state of the Republic of India, i.e. the president of India. The office of vice president is the second-highest constitutional office after the president and ranks second in the ...
,
*Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha
The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. , it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using si ...
(upper house) and Lok Sabha
The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past ...
(lower house),
*Members of State Legislative Councils,
*Members of State Legislative Assemblies (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - Delhi
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders w ...
, Puducherry Puducherry or Pondicherry may refer to:
* Puducherry (union territory), a union territory of India
** Pondicherry, capital of the union territory of Puducherry
** Puducherry district, a district of the union territory of Puducherry
** Puducherry t ...
and Jammu and Kashmir),
*Members of local governance bodies ( Municipal bodies and Panchayats
The Panchayat raj is a political system, originating from the Indian subcontinent, found mainly in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. It is the oldest system of local government in the Indian subcontinent, and historical menti ...
),
*By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified.
Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha)
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house).
{, class="wikitable"
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, + style="text-align: left;" , General election results ''(Lok Sabha)''
,
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
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History of Lok Sabha elections
;Key: {, class="wikitable sortable" , + LOK SABHA ELECTIONS ! colspan="3" , ! style="width:24%;" colspan="3" class="unsortable", First ! style="width:24%;" colspan="3" class="unsortable" , Second ! style="width:24%;" colspan="3" class="unsortable" , Third , - ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", Year ! style="width:12%;" class="sortable", Election ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", Total seats ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", Party ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", Seats ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", % votes ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", Party ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", Seats ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", % votes ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", Party ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", Seats ! style="width:8%;" class="sortable", % votes , - style="text-align:center;" , , 1951–52 , , 1st Lok Sabha , , 489 , style="background:#00bfff;", INC , , 364 , , 45% , style="background:#c20e0e;", CPI , , 16 , , 3.29% , style="background:#3c0;", SOC , , 12 , , 10.59% , - style="text-align:center;" , , 1957 , , 2nd Lok Sabha , , 494 , style="background:#00bfff;", INC , , 371 , , 47.78% , style="background:#c20e0e;", CPI , , 27 , , 8.92% , style="background:#390;", PSP , , 19 , , 10.41% , - style="text-align:center;" , , 1962 , , 3rd Lok Sabha , , 494 , style="background:#00bfff;", INC , , 361 , , 44.72% , style="background:#c20e0e;", CPI , , 29 , , 9.94% , style="background:Blue;", SWA , , 18 , , 7.89% , - style="text-align:center;" , , 1967 , , 4th Lok Sabha , , 520 , style="background:#00bfff;", INC , , 283 , , 40.78% , style="background:Blue;", SWA , , 44 , , 8.67% , style="background:#f93;", BJS , , 35 , , 9.31% , - style="text-align:center;" , ,1971 *
The year 1971 had three partial solar eclipses ( February 25, July 22 and August 20) and two total lunar eclipses (February 10, and August 6).
The world population increased by 2.1% this year, the highest increase in history.
Events
Ja ...
, , 5th Lok Sabha
List of Members of the 5th Lok Sabha, ( 15 March 1971 — 18 January 1977) elected February–March 1971.The term of the House was extended two times by one year at a time. However, the House was dissolved after having been in existence for a ...
, , 518
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 352
, , 43.68%
, style="background:#f00;", CPM
, , 25
, , 5.12%
, style="background:#c20e0e;", CPI
, , 23
, , 4.73%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 1977
, , 6th Lok Sabha
, , 542
, style="background:#1f75fe;", JP
, , 298
, , 43.17%
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 153
, , 34.52%
, style="background:#f00;", CPM
, , 22
, , 4.29%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 1980
, , 7th Lok Sabha
List of Members of the 7th Lok Sabha, (18 January 1980 – 31 December 1984) elected December 1979 – January 1980. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India nine sitting members from Rajya Sabha were el ...
, , 529 ( 542* )
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 351
, , 42.69%
, style="background:darkBlue;", JNP(S)
, , 41
, , 9.39%
, style="background:#f00;", CPM
, , 37
, , 6.24%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 1984
, , 8th Lok Sabha
The 8th Lok Sabha ran from 31 December 1984 to 27 November 1989. Politicians were elected in December 1984, taking office by the end of the month. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the bicameral Parliament of India. 9 s ...
, , 514
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 404
, , 49.10%
, style="background:#ff0;", TDP
, , 30
, , 4.31%
, style="background:#f00;", CPM
, , 22
, , 5.87%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 1989
, , 9th Lok Sabha
List of Members of the 9th Lok Sabha (2 December 1989 – 13 March 1991) elections in 22–26 November 1989. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. Twelve sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elec ...
, , 529
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 195
, , 39.53%
, style="background:seaGreen;", JD
, , 142
, , 17.79%
, style="background:#fbb917;", BJP
, , 85
, 11.36%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 1991
, , 10th Lok Sabha
, , 521
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 244
, , 35.66%
, style="background:#fbb917;", BJP
, , 120
, , 20.11%
, style="background:seaGreen;", JD
, , 59
, , 11.84%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 1996
, , 11th Lok Sabha
, , 543
, style="background:#fbb917;", BJP
, , 161
, , 20.29%
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 140
, , 28.80%
, style="background:seaGreen;", JD
, , 46
, , 23.45%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 1998
, , 12th Lok Sabha
, , 545
, style="background:#fbb917;", BJP
, , 182
, , 25.59%
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 141
, , 25.82%
, style="background:#f00;", CPM
, , 32
, , 5.16%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 1999
, , 13th Lok Sabha
, , 545
, style="background:#fbb917;", BJP
, , 182
, , 23.75%
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 114
, , 28.30%
, style="background:#f00;", CPM
, , 33
, , 5.40%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 2004
, , 14th Lok Sabha
, , 543
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 145
, , 26.53%
, style="background:#fbb917;", BJP
, , 138
, , 22.16%
, style="background:#f00;", CPM
, , 43
, , 5.66%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 2009
, , 15th Lok Sabha
, , 545
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 206
, , 28.55%
, style="background:#fbb917;", BJP
, , 116
, , 18.80%
, style="background:#6f9;", SP
, , 23
, , 3.23%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 2014
, , 16th Lok Sabha
, , 545
, style="background:#fbb917;", BJP
, , 282
, , 31.34%
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 44
, , 19.52%
, style="background:#9c0;", AIADMK
, , 37
, , 3.31%
, - style="text-align:center;"
, , 2019
, , 17th Lok Sabha
, , 543
, style="background:#fbb917;", BJP
, , 303
, , 37.4%
, style="background:#00bfff;", INC
, , 52
, , 19.50%
, style="background:#f00;", DMK
, , 24
, , 4.24%
* : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.
State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Elections
Members of State Legislative Assembly, are elected directly by voting, from a set of candidates who stands in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the State Legislative Assemblies elections are called 'Member of Legislative Assembly' (MLA) and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the Governor. The house meets in the respective state, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens living in that state. The total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population. Similar to the Lok Sabha elections, the leader of the majority party/alliance takes oath as Chief Minister of the State. *Some ideas to reduce election expenditure* All election at same time will favour ruling government. One general Election and 28 States 8 union territories election can be held in two stages. First stage :- General Election After two year Second Stage :- 28 states 8 union territories local and legislative election For example:- 2024 general election And Jan 2027 State and local Bodies Election The Election Commission conducts the elections and provides voluntary facility to 80 years plus aged electors to vote through ballot papers at their homes depending upon polling booth accessibility. Elections are taken up enthusiastically by major portion of the population who turn out in high numbers. For example, An 83-year-old woman, Dolma, cast her vote at Chasak Bhatori polling station in Pangi area of Chamba district after covering 14 kilometers walking on a snowy road during 2022 assembly elections in Himachal Pradesh. {, class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" , + State Assembly election results ''(Vidhan Sabha)'' ! State/UT !! 1950s !! 1960s !! 1970s !! 1980s !! 1990s !! 2000s !! 2010s !! 2020s , - ! AP ,1955
Events January
* January 3 – José Ramón Guizado becomes president of Panama.
* January 17 – , the first nuclear-powered submarine, puts to sea for the first time, from Groton, Connecticut.
* January 18– 20 – Battle of Yijian ...
1957 , 1962
1967 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1978 , 1983
1985
1989 ,
1994
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which Sinking of the MS Estonia, sank in ...
1999 , 2004
2009 , 2014
2019 , 2024 , - ! AR , , , 1978 , 1980
1984 ,
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
1995
File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...
1999 , 2004
2009 , 2014
2019 , 2024 , - ! AS , 1952
1957 , 1962
1967 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1978 , 1983
1985 , 1991
1996 , 2001
2006
File:2006 Events Collage V1.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2006 Winter Olympics open in Turin; Twitter is founded and launched by Jack Dorsey; The Nintendo Wii is released; Montenegro 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, votes to declare ...
, 2011
File:2011 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: a protester partaking in Occupy Wall Street heralds the beginning of the Occupy movement; protests against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed that October; a young man celebrate ...
2016 ,
2021
File:2021 collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: the James Webb Space Telescope was launched in 2021; Protesters in Yangon, Myanmar following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, coup d'état; A civil demonstration against the October–November 2021 ...
, -
! BR
, 1952 1957 , 1962
1967
1969 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1977 , 1980
1985 ,
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
1995
File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...
, 2000
File:2000 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Protests against Bush v. Gore after the 2000 United States presidential election; Heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; The International Space Station in its infant form as seen from ...
2005 (Feb)
2005 (Oct) ,
2010
File:2010 Events Collage New.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2010 Chile earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in history; The Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland disrupts air travel in Europe; A scene from the opening ceremony of ...
2015 ,
2020
2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to global Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, social and Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of events, COVID- ...
2025
, -
! CT
, colspan = 5, State didn't exist. Was part of MP. (Established in 2000)
, 2003 2008 ,
2013
File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...
2018 ,
2023
Events
Predicted and scheduled events
* January 1
** In the United States, books, films, and other works published in 1927 will enter the public domain, assuming there are no changes made to copyright law.
** Croatia will adopt the eu ...
, -
! DL
, 1952
,
,
,
, 1993 1998 , 2003
2008 ,
2013
File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...
2015 ,
2020
2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to global Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, social and Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of events, COVID- ...
2025
, -
! GA
,
, 1963 1967 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1977 , 1980
1984
1989 ,
1994
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which Sinking of the MS Estonia, sank in ...
1999 , 2002
2007 ,
2012
File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...
2017 ,
2022
File:2022 collage V1.png, Clockwise, from top left: Road junction at Yamato-Saidaiji Station several hours after the assassination of Shinzo Abe; 2022 Sri Lankan protests, Anti-government protest in Sri Lanka in front of the Presidential Secretari ...
, -
! GJ
,
, 1962 1967 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1975 , 1980
1985 ,
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
1995
File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...
1998 , 2002
2007 ,
2012
File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...
2017 ,
2022
File:2022 collage V1.png, Clockwise, from top left: Road junction at Yamato-Saidaiji Station several hours after the assassination of Shinzo Abe; 2022 Sri Lankan protests, Anti-government protest in Sri Lanka in front of the Presidential Secretari ...
, -
! HR
,
, 1967 1968 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1977 , 1982
1987 , 1991
1996 ,
2000
File:2000 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Protests against Bush v. Gore after the 2000 United States presidential election; Heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; The International Space Station in its infant form as seen from ...
2005
2009 , 2014
2019 , 2024 , - ! HP , 1952
, 1967 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1977 , 1985
,
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
1993
1998 , 2003
2007 ,
2012
File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...
2017 ,
2022
File:2022 collage V1.png, Clockwise, from top left: Road junction at Yamato-Saidaiji Station several hours after the assassination of Shinzo Abe; 2022 Sri Lankan protests, Anti-government protest in Sri Lanka in front of the Presidential Secretari ...
, -
! JK
, 1951 1957 , 1962
1967 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1977 , 1983
1987 , 1996 , 2002
2008 , 2014 , - , - ! JH , colspan="5" , State didn't exist. Was part of Bihar. (Established in 2000) , 2005
2009 , 2014
2019 , , - ! KA , Mysore 1952
Mysore 1957 , Mysore 1962
Mysore 1967 , Mysore 1972
1978 , 1983
1985
1989 ,
1994
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which Sinking of the MS Estonia, sank in ...
1999 , 2004
2008 ,
2013
File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...
2018 ,
2023
Events
Predicted and scheduled events
* January 1
** In the United States, books, films, and other works published in 1927 will enter the public domain, assuming there are no changes made to copyright law.
** Croatia will adopt the eu ...
, -
! KL
, 1952 Thiru-Kochi 1954 Thiru-Kochi
1957 , 1960
1965
Events January–February
* January 14 – The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years.
* January 20
** Lyndon B. Johnson is Second inauguration of Lyndo ...
1967 ,
1970
Events
January
* January 1 – Unix time epoch reached at 00:00:00 UTC.
* January 5 – The 7.1 Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of X (''Extrem ...
1977 , 1980
1982
1987 , 1991
1996 , 2001
2006
File:2006 Events Collage V1.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2006 Winter Olympics open in Turin; Twitter is founded and launched by Jack Dorsey; The Nintendo Wii is released; Montenegro 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, votes to declare ...
, 2011
File:2011 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: a protester partaking in Occupy Wall Street heralds the beginning of the Occupy movement; protests against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed that October; a young man celebrate ...
2016 ,
2021
File:2021 collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: the James Webb Space Telescope was launched in 2021; Protesters in Yangon, Myanmar following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, coup d'état; A civil demonstration against the October–November 2021 ...
, -
! MP
, Bhopal 1952 MB 1952
MP 1952
VP 1952
1957 , 1967 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1977 , 1980
1985 ,
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
1993
1998 , 2003
2008 ,
2013
File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...
2018 ,
2023
Events
Predicted and scheduled events
* January 1
** In the United States, books, films, and other works published in 1927 will enter the public domain, assuming there are no changes made to copyright law.
** Croatia will adopt the eu ...
, -
! MH
,
, 1962 1967 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1978 , 1980
1985 ,
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
1995
File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...
1999 , 2004
2009 , 2014
2019 , 2024 , - ! MN , , 1967 ,
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1974 , 1980
1984 ,
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
1995
File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...
, 2000
File:2000 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Protests against Bush v. Gore after the 2000 United States presidential election; Heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; The International Space Station in its infant form as seen from ...
2002
2007 ,
2012
File:2012 Events Collage V3.png, From left, clockwise: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia lies capsized after the Costa Concordia disaster; Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; People gather ...
2017 ,
2022
File:2022 collage V1.png, Clockwise, from top left: Road junction at Yamato-Saidaiji Station several hours after the assassination of Shinzo Abe; 2022 Sri Lankan protests, Anti-government protest in Sri Lanka in front of the Presidential Secretari ...
, -
! ML
,
,
, 1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
1978 , 1983
1988 , 1993
1998 , 2003
2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, 2008 , 2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, 2013
2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Mizoram, MZ , , , 1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1972
1978 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1978
1979 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1979 , 1984 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1984
1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1987
1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1993
1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 1998 , 2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2003
2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2008 , 2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2013
2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Nagaland, NL , , 1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1964
1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1974
1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1982
1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1987
1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1993
1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 1998 , 2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2003
2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2008 , 2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2013
2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Odisha, OR , 1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1961
1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1967 , 1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1971
1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1974
1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1985 , 1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1990
1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 1995 , 2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2000
2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2004
2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2009 , 2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2014
2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2019 , Next Odisha Legislative Assembly election, 2024 , - !Elections in Punjab, India, PB , 1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1962
1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1967
1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1972
1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1985 , 1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1992
1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 1997 , 2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2002
2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2007 , 2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2012
2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2017 , 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2022 , - !Elections in Puducherry, PY , , 1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1964
1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1974
1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1985 , 1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1990
1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1991
1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 1996 , 2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election, 2001
2006 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election, 2006 , 2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election, 2011
2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election, 2016 , 2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election, 2021 , - !Elections in Rajasthan, RJ , 1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1962
1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1967 , 1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1972
1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1985 , 1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1990
1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1993
1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 1998 , 2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2003 2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2008
2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2013 , 2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Sikkim, SK , , , 1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1979 , 1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1985
1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1994
1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 1999 , 2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2004
2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2009 , 2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2014 2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2019 , Next Sikkim Legislative Assembly election, 2024 , - !Elections in Tamil Nadu, TN , 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election, MS 1952
1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election, MS 1957 , 1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election, MS 1962
1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election, MS 1967 , 1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1971
1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1984
1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1991
1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1996 , 2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2001
2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2006 , 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2011
2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2016 , 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2021 , - !Elections in Telangana, TG , 1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election, 1952 , colspan="5" , State didn't exist. Was part of AP. (Established in 2014) , 2014 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Tripura, TR , , 1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1967 , 1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1972 1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1983 1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1988 , 1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1993 1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 1998 , 2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2003 2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2008 , 2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2013 2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2018 , Next Tripura Legislative Assembly election, 2023 , - !Elections in Uttar Pradesh, UP , 1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1951
1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1962
1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1967
1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1974
1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1980
1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1985
1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1989 , 1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1991
1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1993
1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1996 , 2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2002
2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2007 , 2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2012
2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017 , 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2022 , - !Elections in Uttarakhand, UT , colspan="5" , State didn't exist. Was part of UP. (Established in 2000) , 2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2002
2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2007 , 2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2012
2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2017 , 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election, 2022 , - !Elections in West Bengal, WB , 1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1952
1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1957 , 1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1962
1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1967
1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1969 , 1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1971
1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1972
1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1977 , 1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1982
1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1987 , 1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1991
1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1996 , 2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2001
2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2006 , 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2011
2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2016 , 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2021 By-election When an elected candidate to either the State Assembly or Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as Bypolls. Common reasons for by-elections : * Resignation by the sitting MP or MLA * Death of the sitting MP or MLA But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance in the office or due to election irregularities found later. Also, when a candidate has won more than one seat, they have to vacate one).
Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Elections
TheRajya Sabha
The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. , it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using si ...
, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of India's Parliament. Candidates are not elected directly by the citizens, but by the State Legislative Assembly (India), Members of Legislative Assemblies and up to 12 can be nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha get a tenure of six years, with one-third of the body facing re-election every two years. Rajya Sabha acts as a second-level review body before a bill becomes an act.
The Vice President of India
The vice president of India (IAST: ) is the deputy to the head of state of the Republic of India, i.e. the president of India. The office of vice president is the second-highest constitutional office after the president and ranks second in the ...
is the ''ex-officio'' Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions.
The Legislative proposals (making new laws, removing or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.
The Constitution of India, however, places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.
Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form of the Lok Sabha finally passes it.
Electoral procedures
Candidates are required to file their nomination papers with the Electoral Commission. Then, a list of candidates is published. No party is allowed to use government resources for campaigning. No party is allowed to bribe the candidates before elections. The government cannot start a project during the election period. Campaigning ends by 6:00 pm two days before the polling day. The polling is held between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. The Collector of each district is in charge of polling. Government employees are employed as poll officers at the polling stations. Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are being used instead of ballot boxes to prevent election fraud. After the citizen votes his or her left index finger is marked with indelible ink. This practice was instituted in 1962.Indelible ink
Research into indelible ink was commenced by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Goel worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the National Physical Laboratory of India. The ink used contains silver nitrate, which makes it photo-sensitive. It is stored in amber-colored plastic or brown-colored glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the fingernail for at least two days. It may last up to a month depending upon the person's body temperature and the environment.
Electronic voting
BHAVIK (EVM) were first used in the 1997 election and became the only method of voting in 2004. The EVMs save time in reporting results. A voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) was introduced on 14 August 2014 in Nagaland. In the 2014 general election, VVPAT was operational in 8 constituencies (Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency), Lucknow, Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency), Gandhinagar, Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency), Bangalore South, Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency), Chennai Central, Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency), Jadavpur, Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency), Raipur, Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency), Patna Sahib and Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency), Mizoram) as a pilot project. A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.
Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations on the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019. On 9 April 2019, Supreme Court of India gave the judgement, ordering the Election Commission of India to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means Election Commission of India has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in 2019 General elections. VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the 2019 Indian general elections, 2019 general election, ECI declared that no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.
NOTA
On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to a negative vote by exercising a "None of the above" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning from the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties from 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections. If majority voting is for NOTA, the region comes under the presidential jurisdiction and is treated with laws similar to a national territory.Absentee voting
India does not provide general absentee ballot, absentee voting. On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.''Postal voting''
Postal voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of Election Commission of India, where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the Electronic voting in India, Electronic Voting Machines. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the Union armed forces and state police as well as their spouses, and employees working for theGovernment of India
The Government of India (ISO: ; often abbreviated as GoI), known as the Union Government or Central Government but often simply as the Centre, is the national government of the Republic of India, a federal democracy located in South Asia, c ...
who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote, these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in preventive detention, disabled and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal vote. Prisoners can not vote at all.Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainerFirst Post, 2 April 2019.Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?
Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.
See also
* 49-O Now replaced with 'NOTA (None of The Above)' * Booth capturing * History of democracy#Indian subcontinent, History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent * Election Commission of India * Exercise Franchise For Good Governance * Legislative Assembly elections in India * British India - General Elections ** 1920 Indian general election ** 1923 Indian general election ** 1926 Indian general election ** 1930 Indian general election ** 1934 Indian general election ** 1945 Indian general election * British India - Provincial Elections ** 1937 Indian provincial elections ** 1946 Indian provincial electionsReferences
External links
Election Commission of India
Adam Carr's election archive
Election Commission of India handbook for candidates
Elections India
{{India topics Elections in India,